diff --git a/content/treehouse/sandbox.tree b/content/treehouse/sandbox.tree
index 0293fa0..7d71ec2 100644
--- a/content/treehouse/sandbox.tree
+++ b/content/treehouse/sandbox.tree
@@ -111,6 +111,27 @@ scripts = ["components/literate-programming.js"]
         - this API wraps a lower-level message-passing API which is used to communicate with the main page, to let it set things like the sandbox `<iframe>`'s size (as well as make it visible).
         see the source code for details.
 
+    % id = "01HPXYH05CWEAKZ406ZNA919TS"
+    - it's also possible to use ordinary DOM elements, *however* instead of `document.body` you should use `treehouse/sandbox.js`'s `body()`.
+
+    there's also sugar for `body().appendChild()` in form of `addElement()`:
+
+    ```javascript dom-output
+    import { addElement } from "treehouse/sandbox.js";
+
+    let slider = document.createElement("input");
+    slider.type = "range";
+    addElement(slider);
+    ```
+
+    <th-literate-program data-mode="graphics" data-program="dom-output"></th-literate-program>
+
+        % id = "01HPXYH05C3VC96N214D8VQGND"
+        - do note however that this isn't used on the site right now due to a lack of CSS in the sandbox, therefore rendering the sandbox's theme unreadable in dark mode.
+
+        % id = "01HPXYH05C75CGRW5GN1K9W8GY"
+        - technically you *can* use `document.body`, but its content will be replaced with `body()`'s once the script finishes running, so in the end it's quite useless
+
 % id = "01HPWJB4Y5H9DKZT2ZA8PWNV99"
 + ### known issues
 
diff --git a/crates/treehouse/src/html/markdown.rs b/crates/treehouse/src/html/markdown.rs
index d107fec..56f4e23 100644
--- a/crates/treehouse/src/html/markdown.rs
+++ b/crates/treehouse/src/html/markdown.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ enum TableState {
 struct HtmlWriter<'a, I, W> {
     treehouse: &'a Treehouse,
     config: &'a Config,
+    page_id: &'a str,
 
     /// Iterator supplying events.
     iter: I,
@@ -64,10 +65,17 @@ where
     I: Iterator<Item = Event<'a>>,
     W: StrWrite,
 {
-    fn new(treehouse: &'a Treehouse, config: &'a Config, iter: I, writer: W) -> Self {
+    fn new(
+        treehouse: &'a Treehouse,
+        config: &'a Config,
+        page_id: &'a str,
+        iter: I,
+        writer: W,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             treehouse,
             config,
+            page_id,
             iter,
             writer,
             end_newline: true,
@@ -248,6 +256,8 @@ where
                                 }
                             })?;
                             self.write("data-program=\"")?;
+                            escape_href(&mut self.writer, self.page_id)?;
+                            self.write(":")?;
                             escape_html(&mut self.writer, program_name)?;
                             self.write("\" data-language=\"")?;
                             escape_html(&mut self.writer, language)?;
@@ -606,9 +616,16 @@ impl<'a> CodeBlockMode<'a> {
 /// </ul>
 /// "#);
 /// ```
-pub fn push_html<'a, I>(s: &mut String, treehouse: &'a Treehouse, config: &'a Config, iter: I)
-where
+pub fn push_html<'a, I>(
+    s: &mut String,
+    treehouse: &'a Treehouse,
+    config: &'a Config,
+    page_id: &'a str,
+    iter: I,
+) where
     I: Iterator<Item = Event<'a>>,
 {
-    HtmlWriter::new(treehouse, config, iter, s).run().unwrap();
+    HtmlWriter::new(treehouse, config, page_id, iter, s)
+        .run()
+        .unwrap();
 }
diff --git a/crates/treehouse/src/html/tree.rs b/crates/treehouse/src/html/tree.rs
index 1bb2423..d4ad217 100644
--- a/crates/treehouse/src/html/tree.rs
+++ b/crates/treehouse/src/html/tree.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,13 @@ pub fn branch_to_html(
             Some(broken_link_callback),
         );
         s.push_str("<th-bc>");
-        markdown::push_html(s, treehouse, config, markdown_parser);
+        markdown::push_html(
+            s,
+            treehouse,
+            config,
+            treehouse.tree_path(file_id).expect(".tree file expected"),
+            markdown_parser,
+        );
         if let Content::Link(link) = &branch.attributes.content {
             write!(
                 s,
diff --git a/static/css/main.css b/static/css/main.css
index c9c8fdf..bd190ba 100644
--- a/static/css/main.css
+++ b/static/css/main.css
@@ -537,6 +537,16 @@ img[is="th-emoji"] {
 
 /* Literate programming support */
 
+:root {
+    --error-color: #d94141;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+    :root {
+        --error-color: #e39393;
+    }
+}
+
 th-literate-program[data-mode="input"] {
     /* Override the cursor with an I-beam, because the editor captures clicks and does not bubble
        them back up to the caller */
@@ -551,7 +561,7 @@ th-literate-program[data-mode="output"] {
     }
 
     & code.error {
-        color: #e39393;
+        color: var(--error-color);
     }
 
     &::after {
@@ -570,6 +580,7 @@ th-literate-program[data-mode="output"] {
 th-literate-program[data-mode="graphics"] {
     padding: 0;
     background: none;
+    border: none;
 
     & iframe {
         border-style: none;
@@ -581,6 +592,28 @@ th-literate-program[data-mode="graphics"] {
     & iframe.hidden {
         display: none;
     }
+
+    & pre.error {
+        color: var(--error-color);
+        position: relative;
+
+        &:empty {
+            display: none;
+        }
+
+        &::after {
+            content: 'Error';
+
+            padding: 8px;
+
+            position: absolute;
+            right: 0;
+            top: 0;
+
+            color: var(--text-color);
+            opacity: 50%;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /* Syntax highlighting */
diff --git a/static/js/components/literate-programming.js b/static/js/components/literate-programming.js
index 8ae4428..e59756a 100644
--- a/static/js/components/literate-programming.js
+++ b/static/js/components/literate-programming.js
@@ -200,12 +200,25 @@ class OutputMode {
     clearResults() {
         this.frame.replaceChildren();
     }
+
+    static messageOutputArrayToString(output) {
+        return output
+            .map(x => {
+                if (typeof x === "object") return JSON.stringify(x);
+                else return x + "";
+            })
+            .join(" ");
+    }
 }
 
 class GraphicsMode {
     constructor(frame) {
         this.frame = frame;
 
+        this.error = document.createElement("pre");
+        this.error.classList.add("error");
+        this.frame.appendChild(this.error);
+
         this.iframe = document.createElement("iframe");
         this.iframe.classList.add("hidden");
         this.iframe.src = import.meta.resolve("../../html/sandbox.html");
@@ -213,15 +226,20 @@ class GraphicsMode {
 
         this.iframe.contentWindow.addEventListener("message", event => {
             let message = event.data;
-            if (message.kind == "resize") {
+            if (message.kind == "ready") {
+                this.evaluate();
+            }
+            else if (message.kind == "resize") {
                 this.resize(message);
+            } else if (message.kind == "output" && message.output.kind == "error") {
+                this.error.textContent = OutputMode.messageOutputArrayToString(message.output.message);
+                this.iframe.classList.add("hidden");
+            } else if (message.kind == "evalComplete") {
+                this.error.textContent = "";
             }
         });
 
-        this.iframe.contentWindow.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => this.evaluate());
         this.frame.program.onChanged.push(_ => this.evaluate());
-
-        this.evaluate();
     }
 
     evaluate() {
diff --git a/static/js/components/literate-programming/eval.js b/static/js/components/literate-programming/eval.js
index 3701cc0..f7b86de 100644
--- a/static/js/components/literate-programming/eval.js
+++ b/static/js/components/literate-programming/eval.js
@@ -18,7 +18,22 @@ async function withTemporaryGlobalScope(callback) {
     }
 }
 
-export async function evaluate(commands) {
+let evaluationComplete = null;
+
+export async function evaluate(commands, { start, success, error }) {
+    if (evaluationComplete != null) {
+        await evaluationComplete;
+    }
+
+    if (start != null) {
+        start();
+    }
+
+    let signalEvaluationComplete;
+    evaluationComplete = new Promise((resolve, _reject) => {
+        signalEvaluationComplete = resolve;
+    })
+
     outputIndex = 0;
     try {
         await withTemporaryGlobalScope(async scope => {
@@ -34,15 +49,25 @@ export async function evaluate(commands) {
                 }
             }
         });
-    } catch (error) {
+        if (success != null) {
+            success();
+        }
+        postMessage({
+            kind: "evalComplete",
+        });
+    } catch (err) {
         postMessage({
             kind: "output",
             output: {
                 kind: "error",
-                message: [error.toString()],
+                message: [err.toString()],
             },
             outputIndex,
         });
+        if (error != null) {
+            error();
+        }
     }
+    signalEvaluationComplete();
 }
 
diff --git a/static/js/components/literate-programming/worker.js b/static/js/components/literate-programming/worker.js
index ab9e70a..381126c 100644
--- a/static/js/components/literate-programming/worker.js
+++ b/static/js/components/literate-programming/worker.js
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ globalThis.console = {
 addEventListener("message", async event => {
     let message = event.data;
     if (message.action == "eval") {
-        evaluate(message.input);
+        evaluate(message.input, {});
     }
 });
diff --git a/static/js/sandbox.js b/static/js/sandbox.js
index 7893a7d..e61520c 100644
--- a/static/js/sandbox.js
+++ b/static/js/sandbox.js
@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+export const internals = {
+    body: document.createElement("body"),
+};
+
+export function body() {
+    return internals.body;
+}
+
+export function addElement(element) {
+    body().appendChild(element);
+}
+
 export class Sketch {
     constructor(width, height) {
         this.canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
@@ -5,6 +17,6 @@ export class Sketch {
         this.canvas.height = height;
         this.ctx = this.canvas.getContext("2d");
 
-        document.body.appendChild(this.canvas);
+        addElement(this.canvas);
     }
 }
diff --git a/static/js/vendor/codejar.js b/static/js/vendor/codejar.js
index dc2d36d..4942b89 100644
--- a/static/js/vendor/codejar.js
+++ b/static/js/vendor/codejar.js
@@ -306,8 +306,8 @@ export function CodeJar(editor, highlight, opt = {}) {
         }
     }
     function handleSelfClosingCharacters(event) {
-        const open = `([{'"`;
-        const close = `)]}'"`;
+        const open = `([{'"\``;
+        const close = `)]}'"\``;
         if (open.includes(event.key)) {
             preventDefault(event);
             const pos = save();
diff --git a/template/sandbox.hbs b/template/sandbox.hbs
index d000df8..ca31a2c 100644
--- a/template/sandbox.hbs
+++ b/template/sandbox.hbs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
     <script type="module">
         import { evaluate } from "treehouse/components/literate-programming/eval.js";
+        import { internals as sandboxInternals } from "treehouse/sandbox.js";
 
         // I'm aware there's also ResizeObserver but it didn't seem to fire off any events when a
         // canvas was added, rendering it pretty much useless.
@@ -35,11 +36,28 @@
         addEventListener("message", async event => {
             let message = event.data;
             if (message.action == "eval") {
-                document.body.replaceChildren();
-                evaluate(message.input);
+                evaluate(message.input, {
+                    success() {
+                        // A double buffered approach for flickerless code modifications.
+                        document.body.replaceChildren(...sandboxInternals.body.childNodes);
+                        sandboxInternals.body.replaceChildren();
+                        requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+                            postMessage({
+                                kind: "resize",
+                                width: document.body.scrollWidth,
+                                height: document.body.scrollHeight,
+                            });
+                        });
+                    },
+
+                    error() {
+                        sandboxInternals.body.replaceChildren();
+                    },
+                });
             }
         });
 
+        postMessage({ kind: "ready" });
     </script>
 </head>